The Xhosa-speaking people Essay Example for Free

The Xhosa-speaking people Essay The word Xhosa refers to a people and a language of South Africa. The Xhosa-speaking people are divided into a number of subgroups with their own distinct but related heritages. One of these subgroups is called Xhosa as well. The other main subgroups are the Bhaca, Bomvana, Mfengu, Mpondo, Mpondomise, Xesibe, and Thembu. Unless otherwise stated, this article refers to all the Xhosa-speaking people. Well before the arrival of Dutch in the 1650s, the Xhosa had settled the southeastern area of South Africa. They interacted with the foraging (food-gathering) and pastoral (nomadic herding) people who were in South Africa first, the Khoi and the San. Europeans who came to stay in South Africa first settled in and around Cape Town. As the years passed, they sought to expand their territory. This expansion was first at the expense of the Khoi and San, but later Xhosa land was taken as well. A series of wars between trekboers (Afrikaner colonists) and Xhosa began in the 1770s. Later, in the nineteenth century, the British became the new colonizing force (foreigners in control) in the Cape. They directed the armies that were to vanquish the Xhosa. Christian missionaries established their first outposts among the Xhosa in the 1820s, but met with little success. Only after the Xhosa population had been traumatized by European invasion, drought, and disease did Xhosa convert to Christianity in substantial numbers. In addition to land lost to white annexation, legislation reduced Xhosa political autonomy. Over time, Xhosa people became increasingly impoverished. They had no option but to become migrant laborers. In the late 1990s, Xhosa make up a large percentage of the workers in South Africas gold mines. Under apartheid (a government policy requiring the separation of races), the South African government created separate regions that were described as Bantustans (homelands) for black people of African descent. Two regions—Transkei and Ciskei—were set aside for Xhosa people. These regions were proclaimed independent countries by the apartheid government. Apartheid policy denied South African citizenship to many Xhosa. Thousands of people were forcibly relocated to remote areas in Transkei and Ciskei. The homelands were abolished with the change to democracy in 1994.

Restoring the Balance :: Psychology Psychological Freud Essays

"Restoring the Balance" World War I was a war of new technology. There were machine guns, gas bombs, and trenches. Because of this new technology, World War I was also a war filled with atrocities. The men fighting in the war experienced horrors that no human being should have ever experienced. The novel Regeneration by Pat Barker addresses the question of how these soldiers were supposed to recover from these horrors. For Dr. W.H.R. Rivers, there was only one answer -- psychology. On page 29, a patient of Rivers' named Anderson tells Rivers, "That's what you Freudian Johnnies are on about all the time, isn't it? Nudity, snakes, corsets." Freudian therapy is also alluded to on pages 31 and 46, although Freudian methods of analyzing dreams, recognizing symbols, and understanding the unconscious are constants. Rivers helps to bring the traumatized soldiers back to a reality where they can accept life and the duties that they must fulfill through the use of a psychology which draws upon Freud's theories. The a ppearance of Freudian psychology in Regeneration helps to acknowledge the frailty of the human mind, body, and soul. Rivers' use of psychology is a way to restore the delicate balance of life, giving renewal to a life thought hopeless by its possessor. Sigmund Freud's life work as a psychologist and psychoanalyst has been very influential. Sigmund Freud (1856-1931) attended college in Vienna where he started writing his many treatises and theories on the psychoanalytical approach. In 1881, Freud got his doctor's degree in medicine. From 1885-86, Freud spent time studying the effects of hypnosis and studied hysteria. From 1900 to 1916, Freud wrote many of his most famous works, such as The Interpretation of Dreams, and gave many lectures. Of all his works and theories, Freud is most known for his theories on the unconscious and for the importance he puts on sex (Thornton). With the start of World War I, Freud began studying several patients suffering from hysteria and shell-shock. He died of cancer in England in 1931. Freud studied and wrote several theories on neurosis and the use of psycho-analysis as a form of therapy. Freud said that there were several forms in which neurosis appears, including repression, regression, and fixation. Freud felt that in order "to effect a cure, he must facilitate the patient himself to become conscious of unresolved conflicts buried in the deep recesses of the unconscious mind, and to confront and engage with them directly" (Thornton).

Endangered language

At present, both individuals and governments are concerned about language diversity as an increasing number of reports have demonstrated a considerable decrease In the number of languages during the last few centuries (Romaine, 2007). Additionally, the future of many languages Is also dismal. As a consequence, whether or not to protect endangered languages Is a quite controversial Issue at present. This essay will discuss both advantages and disadvantages of preserving languages, which are quite essential for governments and other organizations.One argument put forward is that humanity should care about languages because it may promote the development of cultural diversity. Just like biology, a language is not only related to an individual nation's value or right, but also connects to the culture system all over the world (Crystal, 2000). From this perspective, the damage to any factor in the system will cause unpredictable results in this system as a whole (ibid). In addition, the d iversity may promote the development of culture.That means languages often lay an important role In our society through diversity, regardless of its population. Nevertheless, It Is advised that some linguists' claims for the protection of language may neglect Its essence and true function: that Is communication. In other words, If a language Is spoken only by a few people, It Is not a true language (Mali, 2000). Certainly, It Is beneficial to other languages and cultures. However, the benefit Is not because of the uniqueness of different languages, but due to removing barriers and making connections across them (ibid).Therefore, a language becomes extinct because it has lost the function of communication instead of other reasons. Additionally, protectionism seems to cause a negative impact on economy and society, especially in some multicultural society. Take Indonesia as an example, the government impose an ethics test in the local language on foreign lawyers (Krieger, 2013). As a result, not only do the local lawyers have a few opportunities to communicate with their foreign colleagues, but It also harmed the economy. In conclusion, the disadvantages of protectionism outweigh the advantages.Language and Linguistics Compass, 1(1-2), 115-132 endangered language By crusader 1230 decrease in the number of languages during the last few centuries (Romaine, 2007). Additionally, the future of many languages is also dismal. As a consequence, whether or not to protect endangered languages is a quite controversial issue at present. This play an important role in our society through diversity, regardless of its population. Nevertheless, it is advised that some linguists' claims for the protection of language ay neglect its essence and true function: that is communication.In other words, if a language is spoken only by a few people, it is not a true language (Mali, 2000). Certainly, it is beneficial to other languages and cultures. However, the benefit is not communicate with their foreign colleagues, but it also harmed the economy. In conclusion, the disadvantages of protectionism outweigh the advantages. Thus, it is Crystal, D. (2000), Why should we care? Language Death, Cambridge University Press snakelike. Com Retrieved March 21, 2014, from http://www. Snakelike. Com/essay/

The Best Small Business Tax Tips And Deductions - 1486 Words

The Best Small Business Tax Tips and Deductions The Best Small Business Tax Tips and Deductions Small-to-medium-sized businesses can target a wealth of business opportunities in today s global markets, but many business owners and entrepreneurs fail to consider one of the greatest sources of real-world income available to them. Developing a proactive tax strategy and taking advantage of all your business deductions generate incredible profits that businesses or owners can use for any purpose. Unlike the proceeds of gross sales and even gross profits, the money that your business saves on taxes is the purest form of profit. Other income isn t necessarily available for spending or investing until the taxes are paid. Clever business owners†¦show more content†¦Taking Home Office Deduction The home office deduction is available to many SMB owners who work out of their homes exclusively or routinely meet clients and work at home. You can deduct a percentage of your home that s used exclusively for business and the same percentage of most of your household expenses like repairs, utilities, routine maintenance, insurance, mortgage interest, property taxes, rent, office supplies and many other costs. You can deduct actual expenses or take the recently approved standard deduction for home offices. Hiring Family Members Hiring family members is one of the most effective ways for business owners to reduce taxes and keep more of their wealth in the family. Employees can qualify for tax-free benefits, and your children can earn up to $6,200 tax-free. This money can be placed in a Roth IRA, which can be used to buy a home or pay for college. Children also qualify for lower tax rates on the income that they earn. Most business owners have real jobs around the office that family members can do; it s just a matter of matching the right child with the right job. Contributions to HSAs, providing health insurance and other employee benefits also keep your business income in the family without paying taxes. Reporting Actual vehicle Expenses The standard mileage rate has its appeal, but you could be